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石家庄市疾病预防控制中心理化检验科:QuEChERS原则处理样品-气相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定蔬菜水果中14种农药

  • 2026-03-09 22:42:30
石家庄市疾病预防控制中心理化检验科:QuEChERS原则处理样品-气相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定蔬菜水果中14种农药

QuEChERS原则处理样品-气相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定蔬菜水果中14种农药

董新凤

(石家庄市疾病预防控制中心理化检验科,石家庄市化学毒物检测及风险预警技术创新中心,石家庄 050011)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-6145.2025.11.008

摘 要:以QuEChERS原则处理样品,建立气相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定蔬菜水果中14种农药。样品经乙腈提取、采用N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)、无水硫酸镁净化。样品经HP-5MS UI色谱柱分离,进样口温度为280 ℃,进样体积为1.0 µL,以多反应监测模式检测,基质匹配外标法定量分析。14种农药的质量浓度在各自范围内与定量离子色谱峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数均不小于0.995,检出限为0.3~2 µg/kg,定量限为1~6 µg/kg。在低、中、高3个加标水平下蔬菜样品的平均回收率为69.0%~107%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.0%~10%(n=7);水果样品的平均回收率66.7%~112%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.6%~11%(n=7)。该方法准确度高、操作简便,可适用于大规模蔬菜水果中多种类农药残留的筛查检测。
关键词:QuEChERS原则; 气相色谱-串联质谱法; 蔬菜; 水果; 农药残留
农药在果蔬种植中具有显著的病虫害防治效果,因而被广泛应用。然而,农药残留可通过食物链在人体内蓄积,可能引发神经系统功能紊乱[1‒2],加强果蔬等农产品的农业残留检测成为保障此类食品安全的关键环节。果蔬中农药残留测定的样品处理方法包括液-液萃取提取法[3]、固相萃取净化浓缩法[4‒5]及凝胶色谱法[6],这些方法不但操作步骤繁杂、有机溶剂消耗量大[6],而且设备昂贵,固相萃取浓缩时间长,不利于批量样品处理。QuEChERS技术因其快速、简便、价廉,已成为农药多残留检测中广泛应用的样品处理技术[7‒9]
目前,果蔬中农药残留的检测方法主要包括有气相色谱(GC)法[10]、气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)法[1‒2]、液相色谱(HPLC)法[11]及液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法[12‒13]。GC法、HPLC法虽然普及广泛,但在定性分析方面准确度较低,仅依靠保留时间定性易出现假阳性;色谱-质谱联用仪的应用显著提高了定性准确性。其中,三重四极杆串联质谱仪凭借其超高分辨率,在痕量农药残留分析中展现出更高的灵敏度和准确度。吴学进等[1]利用气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定香蕉中40种农药残留;SIVAPERUMAL等[9]利用气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法检测茄子中的200种农药;ZHENG等[10]结合QuEChERS和GC-MS/MS测定大米中4种农药。
笔者采用QuEChERS净化包,通过对样品处理过程以及仪器条件进行优化,建立GC-MS/MS法快速测定蔬菜水果中14种农药。该方法提高了检测效率,准确度高,可用于蔬果中农药的批量筛查检测,为农产品安全抽检及食品风险评估提供参考。

1实验部分

1.1主要仪器与试剂

气相色谱-质谱仪:7890B-7000C型,美国安捷伦科技有限公司。
分析天平:PB602-N型,感量为0.01 g,梅特勒托利多仪器(上海)有限公司。
多管漩涡振荡器:Multi Reax型,德国海道夫公司。
离心机:CR21 N型,日本海马克公司。
乙腈:色谱纯,中国迪科马科技有限公司。
灭线磷、五氯硝基苯、百菌清、毒死蜱、水胺硫磷、α-硫丹、杀螨酯、β-硫丹、三唑磷、硫丹硫酸酯、氯氟氰菊酯标准溶液:质量浓度均为100 µg/mL,标准物质编号分别为GSB 05-1877-2016、GSB 05-1845-2016、GSB 05-2312-2016、GSB 05-1869-2016、GSB 05-2332-2016、GSB 05-1853-2016、GSB 05-2659-2016、GSB 05-1854-2016、GSB 05-2650-2010、GSB 05-216-2008-2、GSB 05-2305-2016,农业农村部环境保护科研监测所。
噁霜灵、丙环唑、腐霉利标准溶液:质量浓度均为100 µg/mL,标准物质编号分别为1ST21171-100H、1ST21248-100H、1ST21226-100H,天津阿尔塔科技有限公司。
无水硫酸镁:分析纯,天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司。
氯化钠:分析纯,天津市永大化学试剂有限公司。
PSA:分析纯,北京迪科马科技有限公司。
蔬菜水果样品:市售。

1.2仪器工作条件

1.2.1色谱仪
色谱柱:HP-5MS UI毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm,美国安捷伦科技有限公司);载气:氦气,流量为1.0 mL/min;进样方式:不分流进样;进样体积:1.0 µL;进样口温度:280 ℃;升温程序:初始温度60 ℃保持1 min,然后以40 ℃/min程序升温至120 ℃,再以5 ℃/min升温至310 ℃,保持5 min。
1.2.2质谱仪
离子源:电子轰击离子源(EI);电离能量:70 eV;离子源温度:230 ℃;四级杆温度:150 ℃;传输线温度:280 ℃;溶剂延迟时间:10 min;监测模式:多反应监测模式(MRM),农药具体质谱参数见表1

表114种农药具体质谱参数Tab. 1Specific mass spectrometry parameters of 14 pesticides

注:*为定量离子对。

1.3溶液配制

混合标准储备液:分别准确吸取灭线磷、五氯硝基苯、百菌清、毒死蜱、噁霜灵、丙环唑标准溶液400 µL,水胺硫磷、α-硫丹、β-硫丹、三唑磷、硫丹硫酸酯、氯氟氰菊酯标准溶液800 µL,杀螨酯标准溶液100 µL,腐霉利标准溶液200 µL于10 mL容量瓶中,以乙腈定容至标线,配制成灭线磷、五氯硝基苯、百菌清、毒死蜱、噁霜灵、丙环唑质量浓度均为4.0 µg/mL,水胺硫磷、α-硫丹、β-硫丹、三唑磷、硫丹硫酸酯、氯氟氰菊酯质量浓度均为8.0 µg/mL,杀螨酯质量浓度为1.0 µg/mL,腐霉利质量浓度为2.0 µg/mL的混合标准储备液,于4 ℃保存。
系列混合标准工作溶液:分别吸取混合标准储备液1、2、5、10、20、50、100 μL,用空白溶液稀释定容至1 mL,配制为灭线磷、五氯硝基苯、百菌清、毒死蜱、噁霜灵、丙环唑质量浓度均分别为4.0、8.0、20.0、40.0、80.0、200.0、400.0 µg/L,水胺硫磷、α-硫丹、β-硫丹、三唑磷、硫丹硫酸酯、氯氟氰菊酯质量浓度均分别为8.0、16.0、40.0、80.0、160.0、400.0、800.0 µg/L,杀螨酯质量浓度分别为1.0、2.0、5.0、10.0、20.0、50.0、100.0 µg/L,腐霉利质量浓度分别为2.0、4.0、10.0、20.0、40.0、100.0、200.0 µg/L的系列混合标准工作溶液。

1.4实验步骤

1.4.1样品处理
取样品可食用部分切碎,充分混匀,放入组织捣碎机中捣碎成匀浆,放入聚乙烯瓶中。将样品置于-18 ℃冷冻保存。临用前取出解冻,称取样品10.00 g于50 mL离心管中,加入10 mL乙腈涡旋振荡1 min。向上述溶液中加入4 g硫酸镁、1 g氯化钠及陶瓷均质子,涡旋振荡1 min,然后在7 000 r/min的转速下离心5 min。吸取2 mL上清液至15 mL离心管中(离心管中加入300 mg无水硫酸镁、50 mg PSA),涡旋混匀1 min。随后以7 000 r/min转速离心5 min,吸取上清液,作为样品溶液待测,同法配制空白溶液。
1.4.2样品测定.
在1.2仪器工作条件下,分别测定系列混合标准工作溶液和样品溶液,以各化合物的质量浓度为横坐标,以对应定量离子的色谱峰面积为纵坐标,绘制标准工作曲线,以外标法定量。

2结果与讨论

2.1样品处理条件优化

2.1.1提取溶剂的选择
QuEChERS原则常用的提取溶剂包括乙腈、丙酮、乙酸乙酯等。此外,部分研究也采用由不同溶剂按一定比例组成的混合溶剂作为提取溶剂[1,14]。考察不同溶剂(乙腈、丙酮、乙酸乙酯)提取后的回收率,结果如图1所示。

图1蔬菜水果中不同提取溶剂的14种农药回收率

Fig. 1Recovery rate of 14 pesticides in different extraction solvents of vegetables and fruits

1—灭线磷; 2—五氯硝基苯; 3—百菌清; 4—毒死蜱; 5—水胺硫磷;6—腐霉利; 7—α-硫丹; 8—杀螨酯; 9—β-硫丹; 10—噁霜灵;11—三唑磷; 12—硫丹硫酸酯; 13—丙环唑; 14—氯氟氰菊酯

图1中可以看出,对于蔬菜和水果这两种基质不同溶剂的提取回收率相差不大,其中乙腈提取回收率最高,乙酸乙酯次之,丙酮最低。但是,丙酮作为提取溶剂时,基质效应较强,可能因为丙酮提取时共提物太多导致回收率忽高忽低,稳定性较差[15];乙酸乙酯作为提取溶剂,气味太浓,对实验人员及环境都不友好。综合考虑,选用乙腈为提取溶剂。比较了分别采用2、3、6 mL提取溶剂净化后的回收率,结果表明提取液的用量对回收率影响不大,为节约试剂考虑本实验选取提取液2 mL。14种农药基质匹配标准色谱图如图2所示。
1—灭线磷; 2—五氯硝基苯; 3—百菌清; 4—毒死蜱; 5—水胺硫磷;6—腐霉利; 7—α-硫丹; 8—杀螨酯; 9—β-硫丹; 10—噁霜灵;11—三唑磷; 12—硫丹硫酸酯; 13—丙环唑; 14—氯氟氰菊酯图2 14种农药色谱图Fig. 2Chromatograms of 14 pesticides
2.1.2净化包的选择
目标物经有机溶剂提取后,还需进一步净化以去除样品本身内源性物质影响。因蔬菜水果色素含量较高对检测灵敏度有影响,选取PSA和GCB作为脱色剂,考察不同脱色剂用量对回收率的影响。PSA不仅对色素有很强的吸附,而且对有机酸、糖类、脂肪酸等都有吸附[16‒17]。但需注意的是,PSA过量使用不仅浪费试剂,而且会降低一些农药组分的回收率[18]。分别选取每毫升提取液加入PSA 20、25、30 mg进行试验,不同PSA用量14种对农药的回收率如图3所示。从图3中可以看出,随着PSA的用量增加,大多数农药的回收率上升,但是加入25 mg和30 mg PSA,回收率变化不明显,因此采用每毫升提取液加入25 mg PSA。GCB作为脱色剂对于去除样品中的色素效果较好,但因其结构特点对有些农药吸附效果太好使其回收率降低。以GCB作为PSA辅助吸附剂使用,分别选择加入GCB为0、5、10 mg进行试验。结果表明,除个别目标物外,GCB用量对回收率影响不大,甚至GCB对有些农药有吸附,导致回收率更低。综合考虑,最终选择每毫升提取液加入25 mg PSA脱色,这与刘逸丰等[12]研究结果相似。
1—灭线磷; 2—五氯硝基苯; 3—百菌清; 4—毒死蜱; 5—水胺硫磷;6—腐霉利; 7—α-硫丹; 8—杀螨酯; 9—β-硫丹; 10—噁霜灵;11—三唑磷; 12—硫丹硫酸酯; 13—丙环唑; 14—氯氟氰菊酯图3 不同用量PSA14种农药的回收率Fig. 3Recovery rate of 14 pesticides with different PSA dosage.
此外,样品水分含量是影响蔬菜水果基质净化效果的另一个关键因素。选用无水硫酸镁作为脱水剂,分别比较了每毫升提取液加入50、100、150、200、250 mg无水硫酸镁对回收率的影响,结果如图4所示。从图4中可以看出,随着硫酸镁的用量增加,目标农药的回收率逐渐提高,添加150 mg以上无水硫酸镁回收率变化不大,因此最终采用每毫升提取液加150 mg无水硫酸镁。
1—灭线磷; 2—五氯硝基苯; 3—百菌清; 4—毒死蜱; 5—水胺硫磷;6—腐霉利; 7—α-硫丹; 8—杀螨酯; 9—β-硫丹; 10—噁霜灵;11—三唑磷; 12—硫丹硫酸酯; 13—丙环唑; 14—氯氟氰菊酯图4 不同用量无水硫酸镁14种农药的回收率Fig. 4Recovery rate of 14 pesticides with different dosage of anhydrous magnesium sulfate
2.1.3样品基质效应的消除
基质效应(EM)是由于样品本身存在的内源性物质对目标物的影响而改变目标物的保留时间或响应值,从而影响定量分析的准确性[1,13]。为有效消除样品基质效应,通常把空白样品提取液作为标准溶液的稀释液,通过使标准溶液与样品溶液处于一致的离子化环境,从而显著降低因基质效应引入的测定误差。通过对比基质匹配标准溶液与纯溶剂标准溶液的分析结果发现,基质对目标物的保留时间基本无显著影响,但会导致目标物含量测定值出现一定变化。通常认为|EM|不大于20%时,该基质没有显著基质效应。14种农药在水果蔬菜中的基质效应如图5所示。从图5中可以看出,14种农药在蔬菜和水果中的基质效应略有不同。α-硫丹、杀螨酯、β-硫丹、噁霜灵和丙环唑在两种基质中的基质效应都大于20%,可能与这几种物质具有多环结构有关,而硫丹硫酸酯虽然和硫丹具有类似的多环结构,但是其结构在S原子上增加一个S==O双键,增加共轭性能使其在空间结构上有所改变,从而改变其在蔬菜水果中的基质效应;灭线磷、百菌清、毒死蜱、水胺硫磷、腐霉利、三唑磷、硫丹硫酸酯、氯氟氰菊酯在两种基质中的基质效应都不大于20%;五氯硝基苯在蔬菜中基质效应小于20%。而在水果中基质效应大于20%,其原因可能是水果以桃为空白基质,糖分含量较高,对五氯硝基苯也会产生较强的基质效应。因此采用空白样品提取液作为标准溶液的稀释液有助于降低基质效应,使实验结果更可靠。

1—灭线磷;2—五氯硝基苯;3—百菌清;4—毒死蜱;5—水胺硫磷;6—腐霉利;7—α-硫丹;8—杀螨酯;9—β-硫丹;10—噁霜灵;11—三唑磷;12—硫丹硫酸酯;13—丙环唑;14—氯氟氰菊酯图5 14种农药在蔬菜水果中的基质效应

Fig. 5Matrix effects of 14 pesticides in fruits and vegetables

2.2线性范围及检出限

在1.2仪器工作条件下,用空白样品提取液配制一系列不同浓度的基质匹配混合标准溶液进样测定。以各化合物的质量浓度为横坐标(x),以对应定量离子峰面积为纵坐标(y),绘制标准工作曲线,计算线性方程和相关系数。用乙腈稀释最低浓度混合标准溶液,在1.2仪器条件下测定,根据取样量、定容体积以及样品溶液浓缩倍数计算样品中的含量,以质量分数表示。以3倍信噪比和10倍信噪比对应的质量分数分别作为14种农药的检出限和定量限。14种农药质量浓度的线性范围、线性方程、相关系数、检出限及定量限见表2,由表2可知,14种农药的质量浓度在各自范围内与色谱峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99,检出限为0.3~2 µg/kg,定量限为1~6 µg/kg,可以满足定量分析的要求。

表214种农药质量浓度的线性范围、线性方程、相关系数、检出限及定量限Tab. 2The linear rangelinear equationcorrelation coefficientdetection limit and quantitative limit of the mass concentration of 14 pesticides

2.3样品加标回收与精密度试验

在空白的样品中分别加入低、中、高三个不同浓度的混合标准溶液,涡旋1 min,放置2 h后进行提取和测定,每个添加水平平行测定7次,计算平均回收率,加标回收及精密度试验结果见表3表4。由表3可知,14种农药在蔬菜中的平均回收率为69.0%~107%,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.0%~10%。由表4可知,14种农药在水果中的平均回收率为66.7%~112%,测定结果的RSD为2.6%~11%。表明该方法准确度较高、重复性较好。

表3蔬菜中14种农药加标回收及精密度试验结果Tab. 3The recovery and precision test results of 14 pesticides in vegetables

表4水果中14种农药加标回收及精密度试验结果Tab. 4The recovery and precision test results of 14 pesticides in fruits

3结论

(1)以QuEChERS原则处理样品,建立气相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜水果中14种农药含量。与GB 5009.145—2003《植物性食品中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药多残留的测定》及GB 23200.8—2016《水果和蔬菜中500种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定 气相色谱-质谱法》相比,该方法省去了浓缩步骤,大大缩短检测周期,节省试剂耗材和人力成本,适用于蔬菜水果中农药大规模筛查。
(2)采用气相色谱-串联质谱技术确保检测结果具有较高的准确度和灵敏度,方法操作简便,有利于批量样品快速筛查推广应用。
(3)该方法可为进一步发现水果蔬菜中农药残留的潜在风险、控制产品质量提供一定帮助。但是有些样品由于色素含量过高或者样品本身粘稠度高导致部分农药回收率低于80%,该方法仍需改进。

1吴学进王明月李春丽QuEChERS/气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法同步测定砂仁中28种有机磷农药残留[J].分析测试学报2020392): 212WU XuejinWANG MingyueLI Chunliet alSimultaneous determination of 28 organophosphorus pesticide residues in amomum villosum by QuEChERS/gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Instrumental Analysis2020392): 212.

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3林强申贇魁杨超.冷冻诱导液液萃取结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测水果中12种烟碱类农药[J].食品安全质量检测学报.2025164): 71.LIN QiangSHEN YunkuiYANG Chaoet alSimultaneous determination of 12 kinds of nicotine pesticides in fruits by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with cold induced liquid-liquid extraction[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality2025164): 71.

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5王艳鑫史建中李茜.分散固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法检测蔬菜中16种农药残留[J].化学分析计量20233211): 42.WANG YanxinSHI JianzhongLI Qianet alDetermination of 16 pesticide residues in vegetables by dispersie solid phase extraction combined gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [J]. Chemical Analysis and Meterage20233211): 42.

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9SIVAPERUMAL PSRUSHTI R TTEJAL G. Met alDevelopment and validation for simultaneous determination of 200 pesticide residues in brinjal by modified QuEChERS and GC-QqQ-MS/MS (MRM) analysis[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis2024136: 106 757.

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11彭帆谭雨嫣张珊珊.离子液体分散液液微萃取-高效液相色谱分析苹果中有机磷农药残留[J].湖北大学学报(自然科学版)2021432): 109.PENG FanTAN YuyanZHANG Shanshanet alDetermination of organophosphorus pesticide residues in apple by ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with high performance liquid chromatography[J]. Journal of Hubei University(Natural Science)2021432): 109.

12刘逸丰刘俊张锐QuEChERS法结合高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱同时测定植物源食品中9 种新型农药残留[J].现代食品科技2025417): 1.LIU YifengLIU JunZHANG Ruiet alThe QuEChERS method combined with high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was ysed to simultneously determine nine novel pesticide residues in plant-derived Foods[J]. Modern Food Science and Technology2025417): 1.

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14WANG SiweiWANG XiaonanHE Qianget alSimultaneous determination of seven pesticides and metabolite residues in litchi and longan through high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with modified QuEChERS [J]. Molecules20222717): 5 737.

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Rapid determination of 14 pesticides in vegetables and fruits by by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with sample process according to QuEChERS rules

DONG Xinfeng

(Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang Technology Innovation Center for Chemical Poison Detection and Risk Early Warning, Shijiazhuang 050011, China)

Abstract: A rapid method for the determination of 14 pesticides in vegetables and fruits by as chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with sample process according to QuEChERS rules was established. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and purified with N-propyl ethylenediamine (PSA) and anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The samples were separated by HP-5MS UI chromatographic column, the inlet temperature was 280 ℃, and the injection volume was 1.0 μL. The samples were detected by multi-reaction monitoring mode and quantitatively analyzed by matrix matching external standard method. The mass concentrations of 14 pesticides had a good linear relationship with the peak areas of quantitative ion chromatography in their respective ranges, and the correlation coefficients were all not less than 0.995. The detection limits were 0.3-2 μg/kg, and the quantitative limits were 1-6 μg/kg. Under three different concentration levels and seven samples prepared in parallel at each concentration level, the average recoveries of vegetable samples at were 69.0%-107%, and the relative standard deviations of the determination results were 1.0%-10%. The average recoveries of fruit samples were 66.7%-112%, and the relative standard deviations of the determination results were 2.6%-11%. The method has high accuracy and simple operation, and can be applied to the screening and detection of multiple pesticide residues in large scale vegetables and fruits.
Keywords: QuEChERS principlegas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryvegetablesfruitpesticide residues

引用本文:董新凤 . QuEChERS原则处理样品-气相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定蔬菜水果中14种农药[J]. 化学分析计量,2025,34(11): 49.(DONG Xinfeng. Rapid determination of 14 pesticides in vegetables and fruits by by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with sample process according to QuEChERS rules[J]. Chemical Analysis and Meterage, 2025, 34(11): 49.)

通讯作者:董新凤,博士,副主任技师,研究方向为食品风险监测及食品安全

基金信息:河北省医学科学研究课题(20231706)

中图分类号:O657.7

文章编号:1008-6145(2025)11-0049-09

文献标识码:A

收稿日期:2025-10-14

出版日期:2025-11-20

网刊发布日期:2025-12-16

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000880s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=nowww460;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001396s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000711s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.005814s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001462s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.003130s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.001508s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 482441 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.021039s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1773082509 WHERE `id` = 482441 [ RunTime:0.027322s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 65 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.006846s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 482441 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.006976s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 482441 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.009032s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 482441 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.007970s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 482441 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.063940s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 482441 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.012404s ]
0.334267s